Inter-cell interference mitigation using Intelligent Frequency Allocation-Dynamic Power Allocation in LTE systems

Traditionally, all new emerging wireless technologies require wider bands than the existing ones. However, the frequency spectrum is a limited resource and to be utilized more efficiently. Therefore, the scarcity of the spectrum is a major problem that plays most important role in the growth of wireless communications and cost billion dollars business. Interference is an unwanted component of several of signals transmitted from different transmitters in wireless communication systems. In LTE system which uses reuse factor of one, which require whole available spectrum is used in each cell of the network. The areas falls in interference power dominant in comparison to required signal power. In the paper, Intelligent Frequency Allocation-Dynamic Power Allocation (IFA-DPA) is proposed. The algorithm is implemented on Cost-231 propagation model, The results obtained are very much promising to the inter-cell interference problem LTE networks and proved its usefulness

Effects and Challenges of Covid-19 Pandemic on Students Learning and Assessment Results: Case Study in a Malaysian Government School

The Covid-19 Pandemic has caught all educators and students of the Government Schools in Malaysia by surprise as they were forced to learn from home. The Malaysian Government has instructed all schools to be closed for face-to-face teaching and learning since March 2020. The learning then took place in students’ homes, which were not equipped for such tasks, as the technology and pedagogy was not up to par. Distance learning platforms such as Google Classroom, WhatsApp and Telegram were utilised by teachers and schools to reach their students remotely to limit the disruption of education. Students use laptops, desktop computers and mobile phones when engaging with the online learning. Most of the students are from lower-income B40 families, and had little or no resources for learning except what was offered online to them. This study has investigated the effects of online learning during the COVID-19 Pandemic on the students’ online learning during PdPR and their assessment results. Another aim of the study is to investigate the effects of socio-economic status (B40) of the students and their attendance during PdPR. Lastly, the challenges faced by the students were also determined. In order to do this research, primary data is collected from six classes in a Government High School in Selangor. Structured interviews are used as a data collection tool to determine the challenges faced by students during their PdPR sessions. The findings of the correlation analysis between student attendance and their assessment results shows a significant relationship (r = 0.8321 for History and r = 0.9263 for Malay Language). Furthermore, the results of the correlation analysis between student socio-economic status (B40) and their attendance also show a significant relationship (r = -0.8231). Through the findings of this paper, it can be concluded that the student’s learning interest online promotes higher attendance, which in turn ensures higher assessment results. A secondary finding of students belonging to the B40 group determines their assessment results is found to be interesting

BER Improvement in Rayleigh Fading SIMO Channel Using Hybrid Diversity Combining Technique

In this paper, Hybrid Diversity Combining Technique for a wireless system using Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) in a Rayleigh Fading Single-Input-Multiple-Output (SIMO) channel is proposed. In Hybrid technique, the hybridization of Selection Combining (SC) and Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) is done. An algorithm is developed for implementation on wireless system. All the three basic standalone combining techniques Selection Combining (SC), Equal Gain Combining (EGC) and Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) are also considered and Bit Error Rate (BER) for Hybrid Diversity Combining technique and basic standalone combining techniques are computed and simulated. Antenna diversity (Receive diversity) is used by using multiple antennas at the receiver side and single antenna at transmitter side. The BER performance of Single-Input-Multiple-Output (SIMO) channel using a Hybrid Diversity Technique to that of the standalone combining techniques is minimized

Pastoral and the theme of character education in As you like it, The winter's tale and The tempest

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Association analysis for yield and related traits in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) under different environmental conditions

Sixteen diverse genotypes of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) were grown in five (E1 to E5) environments which were created by different date of sowing during the rabi seasons at the Vegetable Farm of CCS HAU, Hisar. (29°15?N, 75°69?E) during 2012-13. Observations were recorded on ten randomly selected plants from each genotypes in each replications for characters viz. field emergence index, days to 50 % flowering, plant height, number of pods per plant, number of branches per plant, number of seeds per pod, pod length, seed yield (q/ha), test weight, seed germination, seed vigour index-I and II. The estimation of genotypic and phenotypic coefficients (GCV and PCV) variation in all the environments was consistently decreasing with the delaying in sowing date for all the character studied except plant height and test weight indicating that the environmental influence was comparatively more pronounced for these characters in expressing the phenotypic performance of different genotypes. Highest GCV and PCV was estimated as 50.36 % and 55.93 %, respectively for seed vigour index-I in E1. High value of heritability estimated for characters seed yield, seed vigour index-II, seed germination and branches per plant (above 70 %) in E1 revealed that these were less influenced by environment and low heritability estimated for days to 50 % flowering in E2, plant height in E2, seeds per pod in E3, field emergence index in E5 indicated high influence of environment. Based on environmental indices, the environment E2 was most favourable for all the characters studied except field emergence index

Genetic variability, character association and path analysis in ashwagandha [Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal] under rainfed conditions

Twenty six diverse genotypes of ashwagandha [Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal]were evaluated for fourteen quantitative traits under rainfed conditions. Both phenotypicand genotypic coefficients of variation were higher for important traits like number ofberries/plant, fresh weight of berries/plant, biomass yield at maturity and ratio of freshabove ground biomass: fresh root biomass. High heritability in conjunction with highgenetic advance were observed for number of berries/plant, fresh weight of berries/plant,seed yield/plant, fresh root yield/plant, biomass yield at maturity and ratio of fresh aboveground biomass : fresh root biomass which indicated predominant role of additive geneaction for the expression of these characters. Fresh root yield/ plant was found to bepositively and significantly correlated with number of berries/plant, fresh weight ofberries/plant, seed yield/plant and root diameter. Path analysis revealed that totalalkaloid content showed the highest positive direct effect on fresh root yield/plantfollowed by biomass yield at maturity, seed yield/plant, root diameter and number ofberries/plant which suggested that selection for these traits would be quite effective toimprove fresh root yield in ashwagandha

Posterior dislocation hip with anterior column acetabular fracture: a very rare injury

Posterior dislocation is a common injury but it’s occurrence in association with anterior column fracture is very rare. We report a case of this rare injury pattern. The patient was treated with closed reduction of dislocation followed by open reduction internal fixation of anterior column.

Combined free flap and ilizarov bone reconstruction in complex lower limb trauma: our experience

Background: Reconstruction of complex lower limb trauma is a major concern for both plastic and Orthopedic surgeons. The use of free flap with Ilizarov method for soft tissue coverage and bone reconstruction not only gives the patient near normal shape and function but also allows early mobilization of the patient, even during the process of distraction with Ilizarov method.Methods: In this study patients with bone and soft tissue defects of the lower leg were included in the study. Our protocol was immediate wound debridement along with application of external fixator and early free flap coverage within 48-72 hours. After 3-4 weeks of the free flap transfer definitive bone reconstruction is done with Ilizarov method.Results: 122 flaps survived fully and distal flap necrosis occurred in 4 patients. Necrosis of flap occurred before the start of bone reconstruction with Ilizarov and was managed conservatively or with skin graft. Pin tract infection occurred in 45 (35.71%) patients and was treated by pin care and antibiotics. Other complications in treated patients included pain due to distraction (33.33%). delayed union at docking site (11.90%), discrepancy of limb size (9.52%) and union with deformity (6.35%). The functional outcome was satisfactory in majority of the cases.Conclusions: Combined use of free flap and Ilizarov provides a more reliable soft tissue coverage and bone reconstruction with almost near normal shape and function. It has advantages like regenerating same quality bone and allowing the early mobilization of the patient with acceptable rate of complications